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"三孩政策"來了，網(wǎng)友卻說"民不聊生"。各大外刊都報道這個，我看了紐約時報、經(jīng)濟學(xué)人和金融時報，做了一個大概的梳理，分享大家看看。
我們首先看看官方宣布，紐約時報上的報道：
China said on Monday that it would allow all married couples to have three children, ending a two-child policy that has failed to raise the country’s declining birthrates and avert a demographic crisis. 中國周一表示，將允許所有夫婦生育三個孩子，這個決定結(jié)束了此前未能提高該國不斷下降的出生率、避免人口危機的"二孩"政策。
1. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：ending a two-child policy...是it would allow all married couples to have three children的結(jié)果狀語，that has failed to raise the country’s declining birthrates and avert a demographic crisis是policy的定語從句，raise the country’s declining birthrates和avert a demographic crisis并列，都是failed to后面的成分。
2. have children：have children和birthrates我在《人口普查：為什么越來越多的人不愿意生孩子？| 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀》文章中詳細講過了，大家可以去看看。
have children表示生孩子，"生三胎"可以說have a third child或give birth to a third child，注意是a表示又、再，不是the。比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人上這句：FOR A GENERATION, China’s government had persuaded its married couples that "one child is enough". Then, in 2016, it allowed parents to give birth to a second. Now they may at last have a third. 一代人以來，中國政府一直說服已婚夫婦"一個孩子就夠了"。然后在2016年，它允許夫妻生二個孩子?，F(xiàn)在他們終于可以生第三個孩子了。
3. 同義表達：end也可以說overturn，abandon，abolish，scrap，如CNN上這句：In October 2015, China decided to overturn its decades-old one-child policy and allow couples across the country to have two children.
還比如衛(wèi)報這句：China has scrapped its one-child policy, allowing all couples to have two children for the first time.
4. Avert：表示避免，避開，防止。比如CATTI三級筆譯真題里面也使用過這個單詞：
Fifty-five percent of the Netherlands is either below sea level or heavily flood-prone. Yet thanks to its renowned expertise and large water management budget (about1.25 percent of gross domestic product), the Netherlands has averted catastrophe since a flooding disaster in 1953.
荷蘭55%的土地要么低于海平面，要么存在嚴(yán)重的水患。然而，憑借久負盛名的水利專業(yè)技術(shù)及巨額水利專項撥款（約占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的1.25%），荷蘭自1953年洪災(zāi)后再也沒有發(fā)生過嚴(yán)重的水災(zāi)。
為什么要實行"三孩政策"呢？
首先，擔(dān)心經(jīng)濟增長下滑，我們看看經(jīng)濟學(xué)人原文：
At 1.3 children per woman, China’s total fertility rate is already among the world’s lowest. It is also well below the 2.1 necessary to keep a population from falling over time. Officials have made clear their fears that economic growth will fall with it. 按每個女性平均生育1.3個孩子來算，中國總生育率已經(jīng)屬世界最低，遠低于保持人口穩(wěn)定所需的2.1。官員們已經(jīng)明確表示，他們擔(dān)心經(jīng)濟增長也會隨之下滑。
1. over time表示隨著時間的推移。
2. 固定表達：At 1.3 children per woman，China’s total fertility rate和keep a population from falling over time都講過，就在這篇《人口普查：為什么越來越多的人不愿意生孩子？| 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀》里面，我們一起回顧下：China’s fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman is about the same as Japan’s, and well below the 2.1 needed to keep population stable. 中國總生育率為1.3（每個女性平均生育1.3個孩子），與日本大致相同，遠低于保持人口穩(wěn)定所需的2.1。
其中keep … stable表示"保持……穩(wěn)定"，還可以直接用一個動詞sustain，如紐約時報上這句：Though their fertility rates are below the 2.1 needed to sustain a population, high immigration means their populations have still grown. 盡管這些國家的生育率低于維持人口規(guī)模所需的2.1，但大量移民涌入使它們的人口仍在增長。
needed to keep population stable也可以說required to keep populations stable，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人報道各國生育數(shù)目減少的這句：In more and more countries, women started having fewer children than the number required to keep population stable. 在越來越多的國家里，生育率下降，已無法保持人口穩(wěn)定。
今天這句中我們看到使用的是necessary to keep a population from falling over time，其中keep a population from falling over time中keep和keep...stable中的keep 不是一個意思，這里是keep sth from doing sth，是固定表達，表示防止/阻止……干某事，keep相當(dāng)于prevent。keep a population from falling over time的字面意思是防止人口隨著時間的推移減少。
3. 固定表達：have made clear their fears that economic growth will fall with it：sb make clear sth表示某人明確表明……比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人在報道德國總理默克爾的觀點時有這樣一句：Germany’s Angela Merkel made clear two years ago that, if Russia wanted better relations with the EU, it had to mend fences with Poland. 德國總理安哥拉?默克爾兩年前就清楚的說過，如果俄羅斯想與歐盟有進一步的合作，那就必須改善同波蘭之間的關(guān)系。
這個例句中是make clear that，而今天這句中sth是their fears，而that economic growth will fall with it是對fears解釋說明。
其次，積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化問題、保持我國人力資源稟賦優(yōu)勢，我們看看經(jīng)濟學(xué)人原文：
a further relaxation of birth-control regulations would help China to fulfill its goal of "actively coping with an ageing population". 進一步放寬計劃生育法規(guī)將有助于中國實現(xiàn)"積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化"的目標(biāo)。
1. 同義表達：a further relaxation of birth-control regulations：也可以說relaxing its birth policy.
2. 同義表達：actively cope with an ageing population：cope with也可以說address，a也可以是the，加the就是特指了。如金融時報上這句：the new "three-child policy" was intended to "actively address the ageing population, and maintain China’s natural advantage in human resources"."三孩政策"旨在"積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化問題、保持我國人力資源稟賦優(yōu)勢"。
我們知道我國勞動力正在減少，人口不斷老齡化，這些都會給中國未來造成嚴(yán)重影響，我們看看紐約時報上是怎么說的：
Its limits on reproduction, the world’s toughest, have jeopardized the country’s future. The labor pool is shrinking and the population is graying, threatening the industrial strategy that China has used for decades to emerge from poverty to become an economic powerhouse. 限制生育的做法已給中國的未來造成了嚴(yán)重影響。勞動力正在減少，人口不斷老齡化，威脅著中國幾十年來用于擺脫貧困、成為經(jīng)濟強國的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。
其中jeopardize [?d?ep?rda?z] 表危害、損害。如紐約時報上這個jeopardize our ability to obtain critical resources；Graying也可以說aging，threatening是主干的結(jié)果狀語。
that China has used for decades to emerge from poverty to become an economic powerhouse是strategy的定語從句，可以還原為China has used the industrial strategy for decades to emerge from poverty to become an economic powerhouse.
其中to emerge from poverty to become an economic powerhouse表示use the industrial strategy的目的，emerge from poverty to become...表脫貧、成為……。emerge from poverty相當(dāng)于shake off poverty，表示脫貧。
三孩政策刷屏，那大家的反應(yīng)是怎樣的呢？
我們一起看看大家的反應(yīng)以及原因。首先經(jīng)濟學(xué)人有句說大家反應(yīng)冷淡，它是這么說的：But reactions to the announcement on social media hardly brimmed with enthusiasm. 但社交媒體上對這一消息反應(yīng)冷淡。
1. 從這句我們可以學(xué)到這個表達reactions hardly brimmed with enthusiasm，其中brim with表充滿，hardly brim with表幾乎沒有，reactions hardly brimmed with enthusiasm字面意思是大家的反應(yīng)幾乎沒有熱情，也就是我們常說的"反應(yīng)冷淡"。
2. brim：[br?m]表示洋溢著、充滿，可以表示長滿，同義詞是are covered/carpeted by，如柯林斯詞典例句：The flowerbeds brim with a mixture of lilies and roses. 花壇里長滿了百合和玫瑰。
還可以表示充滿，同義詞是be filled with，如牛津詞典例句：Her eyes brimmed with tears. 她熱淚盈眶。這個詞還可以作及物動詞，sb brim sth with sth表用……裝滿……，給什么裝滿……，相當(dāng)于fill sth with sth，如詞典中這句：I’ve fully brimmed a glass with wine for him. 我為他滿滿當(dāng)當(dāng)斟了一杯酒。
好，我們繼續(xù)看大家的反應(yīng)，紐約時報上用了這么一句：
"No matter how many babies they open it up to, I’m not going to have any because children are too troublesome and expensive," said Li Shan, a 26-year-old product manager at an internet company in Beijing. "I’m impatient and worried that I won’t be able to educate the child well." 北京一家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司26歲的產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理李珊（音譯）說："不管開放幾胎，我都不想生，孩子太麻煩了，費錢。我現(xiàn)在都沒耐心，怕教育不好孩子。"
1. 李珊（音譯）：如果不確定是哪幾個漢字的話可以加上音譯。
2. 固定表達：open it up to中it是the birth policy的意思，open it up to的字面意思是開放生育政策到……，to是介詞，后面跟名詞，這個表達在這幾篇外刊中比較高頻，如紐約時報中這句：
"But merely opening up the policy to three children and not encouraging births as a whole, I don’t think there will be a significant increase in the fertility rate. Many people don’t want to have a second child, let alone a third child."生活在南方城市湛江的獨立人口學(xué)家何亞福說道："僅僅放開三胎，而不鼓勵生育，我認為生育率不會明顯提高，很多人連二胎都不想生，何況三胎呢。"
還有網(wǎng)友說光養(yǎng)活自己已經(jīng)夠累了，更別提養(yǎng)娃了，我們看經(jīng)濟學(xué)人原文吧：
"Do they not yet know that most young people are exhausted just supporting themselves?" commented one netizen on Weibo, a Twitter-like site. "他們還不知道大多數(shù)年輕人光是養(yǎng)活自己都已經(jīng)精疲力盡了嗎？"一位網(wǎng)民在微博上評論道。
1. Do they not yet know相當(dāng)于Don’t they know。
2. 同義表達：are exhausted just supporting themselves也可以說are tired enough just trying to feed themselves，其中exhausted就相當(dāng)于tired enough，support sb相當(dāng)于feed sb。如紐約時報上這句平行文本：
"Don’t they know that most young people are already tired enough just trying to feed themselves?" wrote one user. "他們知不知道大部分年輕人光養(yǎng)活自己就已經(jīng)夠累了嗎？"一名用戶寫道。
于是，民不聊生"有了新的解釋，一起看看這句經(jīng)濟學(xué)人：Netizens devised a new interpretation of a common idiom, minbuliaosheng, which means "the people have no means of livelihood". They repurposed it to mean "not even speak of giving birth".網(wǎng)民們對成語"民不聊生"進行了新的解釋，"民不聊生"原指"老百姓沒有賴以生存的東西"，現(xiàn)在被他們改成了"甚至都不愿意聊生孩子"的意思。
為什么越來越多的人不愿意生孩子？
Many parents had grown used to decades of one-child rhetoric. They often feel—in cities as well as in villages—that a family’s resources are best devoted to one child, to ensure she has opportunities that her parents did not. As more women pursue careers, many are delaying marriage and having babies. The high cost of housing and education, as well as the crushingly long work hours common in many companies, deter young couples from having any more than one child, or reproducing at all.
許多父母已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了幾十年來的獨生子女政策。無論是在城市還是農(nóng)村，他們都覺得家庭的資源最好都給一個孩子，以確保她擁有父母以前沒有的機會。隨著越來越多的女性追求事業(yè)，許多人推遲了結(jié)婚和生育。住房和教育成本高昂，許多公司普遍存在超長的工作時間，這些打消了年輕夫妻生一個以上孩子或者生孩子的想法。
1. delaying marriage and having babies：delay sth或delay doing sth，所以是marriage和having babies并列。
2. as well as：這里也可以用combined with，在《錯了！CATTI三筆真題中因果句型如何翻譯？》中，我講過這個的用法：其實Sth, combined with sth else, do sth句型很常見，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人說到打擊非法群租公寓的影響時候就用到了這個：Rising rents, combined with a crackdown on the illegal subdivision of flats, have driven most provincial graduates away. 房租上漲，加上對非法群租公寓的打擊，已迫使大多數(shù)來自地方省份的畢業(yè)生離開。
3. 同義表達：the crushingly long work hours common in many companies：crushingly表示讓人受不了地，the crushingly long work hours相當(dāng)于the punishingly long hours，punishingly也可以說notoriously；
common in many companies是后置定語，the crushingly long work hours common in many companies整體也可以說the pervasive culture of long work hours。
4. 同義表達：deter young couples from是deter sb from doing sth，這里表示打消某人……的念頭，和我在之前這篇《人口普查：為什么越來越多的人不愿意生孩子？| 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀》分享過的這個Instead, soaring housing and educational costs are dissuading couples from having more children中dissuade sb from doing sth是一個意思。
5. 英語寫作句型：如果在寫作中提到不想生孩子的原因，大家可以借鑒下面這些：
For Chinese couples, many cannot afford to have children as living costs/the cost of living increase and their jobs demand more time and energy. 對中國夫婦來說，生活成本增加，而且需要把更多的時間和精力放在工作上，很多人承擔(dān)不起生孩子的負擔(dān)。（紐約時報）
Instead, soaring housing and educational costs are dissuading couples from having more children, while many young people are choosing not to get married in the first place. 然而，由于房價和教育成本飆升，一些夫妻不得不放棄生更多孩子的想法，而許多年輕人一開始就選擇不結(jié)婚。（經(jīng)濟學(xué)人）
They often feel—in cities as well as in villages—that a family’s resources are best devoted to one child, to ensure she has opportunities that her parents did not. As more women pursue careers, many are delaying marriage and having babies. The high cost of housing and education, as well as the crushingly long work hours common in many companies, deter young couples from having any more than one child, or reproducing at all. （經(jīng)濟學(xué)人）
當(dāng)然，為了鼓勵生育，應(yīng)該會出臺一些政策措施。
我們看看經(jīng)濟學(xué)人這句：babymaking will be encouraged, such as by providing subsidies, better child-care facilities, expanding maternity benefits and lowering the cost of education. It promised to "protect the rights of women in employment". 將通過提供補貼、改善兒童保育條件、增加孕產(chǎn)婦福利和降低教育成本等方式鼓勵生育。政府承諾"會保護婦女的就業(yè)權(quán)利"。
1. Babymaking：也可以說giving birth。
2. Promise：也可以說pledge。
3. protect the rights of women in employment：紐約時報平行文本protect the legitimate rights and interests of women in employment.
今天就分享這么多！希望大家喜歡，多點贊多分享！