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這是10月16日最新一期經(jīng)濟學(xué)人中的文章。
熟詞偏義
其中有篇文章提到社交平臺上的虛假信息等該由審查，標題是：
Who should police the web?
誰應(yīng)該監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)？
Politicians should not offload the responsibility onto others.
政客不應(yīng)該把責任推給別人。
1. Police：我們看到標題中有police。這個單詞最常見的意思是作名詞，表示"警察；警方"，如"報警"call the police，比如電影《海上鋼琴師》中的這句臺詞：Get out of my sight, or I will call the police. 你快滾，否則我要報警了。
police在今天這里是作動詞，表示監(jiān)督、管制、管教。如：the body that polices the investment management business 監(jiān)督投資管理事務(wù)的機構(gòu)。
還比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人中這句：She worries about those without parents at home to police them, and those—mostly boys, she says sadly—going "through a rebellious age" who don’t see the point of study. 她替這兩種學(xué)生擔憂：沒有父母在家監(jiān)督的學(xué)生，還有正處于"叛逆期"的學(xué)生。她語氣悲傷地說道，叛逆的絕大多數(shù)是男生，他們還沒有意識到學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
2. Offload：我們看到副標題中有offload，這個單詞常見意思是卸貨，如柯林斯詞典中這句：The supplies need to be offloaded and put on helicopters. 這些補給要卸下來裝上直升機。還可以引申為卸下包袱，如《億萬》中這句：You’d never offload it. 你永遠都無法卸下這樣的包袱。
其實它有好幾個不太熟悉的意思：
A. 可以表示傾倒，如柯林斯詞典中這句：They should stop offloading waste from oil tankers into the sea. 他們應(yīng)當停止從油輪上往海里傾倒廢棄物。
B. 還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)手、轉(zhuǎn)售、拋售，如金融時報中這句：Analysts said it was likely institutional investors had tried to offload their shares to retail traders en masse, driving down prices. 分析師表示，可能是機構(gòu)投資者都試圖將手中的股票拋售給散戶，從而壓低了股價。
還比如我們要說"他陷入了財政困難，將這幅畫賣給了一家美術(shù)館。"就可以說：Already in financial difficulties, he offloaded the painting on to a museum.
C. 還可以表示把（擔子等）轉(zhuǎn)移某人，即offload something on/onto somebody，如牛津詞典中這句：It’s nice to have someone you can offload your problems onto. 你有個能分憂的人真是不錯。
常見的表達有offload responsibility for something，表示不想承擔……，還有offload the responsibility onto somebody，表示把責任推給誰。如外刊中這句：Some employers might be seeking to offload responsibility for sick pay, holiday pay, and travel between jobs. 有些雇主不想承擔病假工資、休假工資和出差費用。
在表示把（擔子等）轉(zhuǎn)移某人這個意思時，offload的同義詞是shift，通過下面這段經(jīng)濟學(xué)人中they have shifted much of their basic manufacturing to China和they offloaded low-end work to China就可以看出：
Like other wealthy economies, they have shifted much of their basic manufacturing to China’s mainland. Most emblematic is Foxconn, a Taiwanese electronics company known now as the main assembler of iPhones. As they offloaded low-end work to China’s mainland, the tigers moved upstream. South Korea is the world’s biggest maker of memory chips.
和其他富裕經(jīng)濟體一樣，四小龍已經(jīng)將許多基礎(chǔ)制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到了中國大陸。最具代表性的是臺灣電子公司富士康，現(xiàn)在因作為iPhone的主要組裝商而知名。當四小龍將低端工作轉(zhuǎn)移到中國大陸時，它們自己就向上游移動了。韓國是世界上最大的存儲芯片制造商。
所以，offload the responsibility也可以說shift the responsibility，如《你逃我也逃》中這句：Shifting the responsibility on me again?又把責任推到我身上？
英語寫作句型
這篇提到社交網(wǎng)站很多內(nèi)容都是社交平臺自己審查，這些私營公司最終承擔了很多責任，但有時候這些機構(gòu)在審查的時候會忽視公眾利益，因此政府應(yīng)該多承擔一些審查責任。我們看看經(jīng)濟學(xué)人是怎么說的：
Social networks are deciding what kinds of misinformation to ban. Web-hosting companies are taking down sites they deem harmful.
現(xiàn)在，由社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺決定禁止發(fā)布哪類虛假信息，虛擬主機提供商關(guān)閉危險網(wǎng)站。
What is more, in many areas the gate keeping power wielded by private firms is really a consequence of government inaction. Limiting children’s access to viral content are areas where governments could act if they wanted to. Instead, the approach of many has been to do nothing and then feign shock when profit-maximizing companies come up with answers that may not be in the interest of society.
Politicians are right to warn that some private companies have too much power online. But those firms have ended up with so much responsibility partly because politicians themselves have abdicated it.
更重要的是，在許多領(lǐng)域私營企業(yè)擁有審查權(quán)實際上是政府不作為的結(jié)果。如果政府想采取措施，可以限制兒童接觸有害信息。相反，許多政府的做法是什么也不做，然后在利潤最大化的公司給出可能不符合社會利益的解決方案時假裝震驚。
政客警告一些私營公司在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上擁有太多權(quán)力，這種做法是正確的。但這些公司最終承擔了如此多的責任/擁有這么多權(quán)力，部分原因是政客自己放棄了責任。
1. Misinformation：指錯誤消息，虛假信息，這個在20年11月CATTI二筆實務(wù)真題中考過，常見還有disinformation(尤指政府機構(gòu)故意發(fā)的)虛假信息
2. Web-hosting companies：Web-hosting指虛擬主機托管。Web-hosting companies指虛擬主機提供商，比如阿里云。
3. taking down sites they deem harmful：take down表關(guān)閉，下架，也可以說drop。they deem harmful是sites的定語從句。
4. 長難句分析：wielded by private firms是the gate keeping power的后置定語。where governments could act是areas的定語從句，if they wanted to最后省去了act，是為了避免重復(fù)。when profit-maximizing companies come up with answers that may not be in the interest of society是then feign shock部分的狀語，that may not be in the interest of society是answers的定語從句。
5. Wield power：表示行使權(quán)力。如沒有什么實權(quán)wield little power，相反，操縱著大權(quán)是wield enormous power。Wield還可以表示揮舞。如《權(quán)力的游戲》中這個。
6. feign shock：美 [fe?n]表示假裝，如牛津詞典中這句：One morning, I didn’t want to go to school, and decided to feign illness. 有天早晨我不想上學(xué)，于是決定裝病。
7. come up with：表示想出、提出。如柯林斯詞典中這句：Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own. 有幾位成員提出了自己的建議。
8. in the interest of：符合……的利益。如金融時報中這句：It is in the interest of Europe as a whole. 它符合歐洲的整體利益。
9. end up with：最終具有，如《福爾摩斯》中這句：She ended up with nothing. 她卻什么也得不到。
常見的還有end in，如Their marriage ended in divorce. 他們的婚姻都以離婚收場。還有end up doing something，如：If you don’t know what you want, you might end up getting something you don’t want. 如果你不知道自己想要什么，到頭來你可能得非所愿。
還比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人上有句話是這么說的：Critics claim that the boomers have bagged too many benefits, and that their children and their grandchildren will end up paying for them. 評論家斷言，嬰兒潮一代享受了太多福利，他們的子孫后代最終將為其買單。
在 《H&M越級碰瓷，新疆棉花不吃這套！| 外媒報道》也用到了end up doing something：Unchecked deforestation could end up hurting Brazilian farmers if it leads to foreign boycotts of Brazilian farm goods. 如果不加控制地砍伐森林導(dǎo)致其他國家抵制巴西農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，最終可能會損害巴西農(nóng)民。
10. 英語寫作句型：partly because在《雙語完整版：《小舍得》火爆！補習(xí)班、虎媽、教育改革 | 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀》中詳細講過：
Another related problem is that Chinese pupils are out of shape. Nearly a fifth of nine-year-old boys and 13-year-old girls are overweight or obese. Half of pupils surveyed there had myopia. That is partly because many schools, often under pressure from tiger parents, teach more sessions of core subjects like maths and Chinese than is required by the education ministry, bumping physical-education classes.
另一個問題是中國小學(xué)生健康狀況不佳。近五分之一的9歲男孩和13歲女孩超重或肥胖。接受調(diào)查的學(xué)生中有一半患有近視。這在一定程度上是因為迫于"虎爸虎媽"的壓力，許多學(xué)校數(shù)學(xué)和語文等核心課程的課時安排超過了教育部的要求，從而擠占了體育課的時間。
也可以說in part because，《引出原因，可別只會用There are three reasons for this. First,...Second,....》這篇文章中講過的句子：
Any changes to production will be decided in monthly meetings. That is in part because it is difficult to predict oil’s recovery. It is also because the new year may mark the beginning of a new strategy. 生產(chǎn)方面的變化都將在月度會議上決定，部分原因是石油的復(fù)蘇情況難以預(yù)測，還因為新年可能標志著新戰(zhàn)略的開始。
11. 一詞多義：Abdicate美 [??bd?ke?t] 有幾個意思，總結(jié)如下：
A. 退位；讓位。作及物動詞。如牛津詞典中這幾句：She was forced to abdicate the throne of Spain. 她被迫讓出西班牙的王位。The Queen has no intention of abdicating her throne. 女王不打算讓位。
B. 退位；遜位。作不及物動詞。如牛津詞典中這幾句：King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936. 英王愛德華八世于1936年退位。Yuan Shikai forced the emperor to abdicate and hand over power to him. 袁世凱逼迫皇帝遜位，把政權(quán)交給他。He abdicated in favour of his son. 他把王位讓給了兒子。
還比如考研英語真題中這句：King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep."But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙國王胡安?卡洛斯曾堅稱："國王不會退位，他們會在睡夢中離開這個世界。"但是最近爆出令人尷尬的丑聞，加上近期歐洲選舉中共和黨大受歡迎，這迫使他食言并退位。
C. 放棄責任等，常見搭配abdicate responsibility/your responsibilities，如Many parents simply abdicate all responsibility for their children. 許多父母對孩子簡直是完全撒手不管。如《傲骨賢妻》中這句：And now he’s abdicating responsibility. 這是他的瀆職。
12. 英語寫作句型：重點說下這個Limiting children’s access to viral content中l(wèi)imit access to和access在寫作中的靈活使用。Limit access to可以表示"限制對……的訪問或使用權(quán)限"。
比如在英語寫作中提到雙減促進教育公平的時候，我們就可以說"Educational fairness is most important in ensuring equal access to opportunities. 機會公平中，教育公平是最大的公平。"
在英語寫作中要提到節(jié)約用水，我們就可以說"More than 300 million people lack access to clean drinking water. 超過3億人口喝不上清潔的飲用水。"
前段時間官媒批電子游戲是"精神鴉片"，要限制未成年人的屏幕使用時間或玩游戲時間，在英語寫作中，我們就可以用limit和access：
A growing number of children have access to a smart phone, some of whom are extreme users or addicted to online games. Video games have posed a litany of threats, including diverting attention from school and family and causing nearsightedness/hurting children’s academics, damaging their eyesight and reducing the country’s military readiness. A Beijing-affiliated media outlet called them as spiritual opium."No industry or sport should develop at the price of destroying a generation. Some of the limits need to be put into place, like limiting game time for minors and efforts should be increased to ferret out those who lie about their age to play.
越來越多的兒童使用智能手機，一些孩子是極端用戶或者沉迷游戲。電子游戲帶來了一系列危害，包括分散孩子對學(xué)校和家庭的注意力，還會導(dǎo)致近視。此前，一家官媒稱它們?yōu)?精神鴉片"。任何一個產(chǎn)業(yè)、一項競技都不能以毀掉一代人的方式來發(fā)展。需要采取一些措施，比如限制未成年用戶的在線時長，同時加大力度巡查謊報年齡的玩家。（部分改寫自外刊）