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經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精讀：整頓培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)給孩子和家長減負(fù)
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人上有一篇文章，叫Brought to book，講的是關(guān)于整頓校外培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的。
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人原文：Until children reach the age of about 15 in China, education is free. So why is it that more than half of a typical family’s spending goes on it? The answer is cramming classes: a financial burden so great that it is often said to discourage couples from having children at all. Now officials are trying to rein in the industry, in part, it appears, to relieve the pressure on people’s wallets. As the People’s Daily, an official newspaper, reported this month, the market for such services is plagued by "endless chaos". It listed problems ranging from misleading advertising to high prices and the use of unqualified teachers.
參考譯文：在中國，直到兒童15歲左右，教育都是免費(fèi)的。那么，為什么一個(gè)普通家庭有一半以上的支出都用于教育呢？答案是補(bǔ)習(xí)班：這對普通家庭來說是一個(gè)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，所以人們常說補(bǔ)習(xí)班讓一些夫妻根本不敢生孩子?，F(xiàn)在官員們正試圖管控這個(gè)行業(yè)，似乎部分是為了減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力。正如《人民日報(bào)》本月報(bào)道的那樣，校外培訓(xùn)市場亂象頻發(fā)。該官媒列舉了從虛假宣傳、課程價(jià)格高昂到聘用不合格教師等一系列問題。
第二句：So why is it that more than half of a typical family’s spending goes on it?
那么，為什么一個(gè)普通家庭有一半以上的支出都用于教育呢？
1. 固定句型：So why is it that是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。例如詞典例子：Why is it that for everything, death follows birth? 為什么萬物有生就有死呢？還比如這句：But, why is it that people gossip at all? 可是，人們到底為什么要八卦呢？
TED演講中也用到了這個(gè)句型：And yet, why is it that, in creative writing courses today, the very first thing we teach students is write what you know? 然而，為什么在如今的創(chuàng)新寫作課程中，最初交給學(xué)生的事情就是寫下你所知道的？
2. a typical family：typical可以表示"一貫的；平常的；普通的；典型的"，這里意思是"普通的"，a typical family也可以說an ordinary family。
3. Spending：作為名詞意思就是"花銷；支出"，比如中國日報(bào)上的這句：But once you’re comfortable with that, planning your spending for the coming month will require just a few minutes of your time. 不過一旦習(xí)慣后，計(jì)劃次月開支只要你幾分鐘的時(shí)間。
4. Go on sth：表示用于（支付）……。如柯林斯詞典中這句：Most of my money goes on bills. 我的錢大部分用來支付各種賬單。
第三句：The answer is cramming classes: a financial burden so great that it is often said to discourage couples from having children at all.
答案是補(bǔ)習(xí)班：這對普通家庭來說是一個(gè)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，所以人們常說補(bǔ)習(xí)班讓一些夫妻根本不敢生孩子。
1. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：it is often said to 中it是單數(shù)，所以不是指cramming classes，而是指a financial burden，也就是a financial burden is often said to discourage couples from having children at all，但是翻譯的時(shí)候根據(jù)語境靈活翻譯為補(bǔ)習(xí)班。
Sth is often said to do sth表示人們常說……
2. 同義表達(dá)：cramming classes是補(bǔ)習(xí)班。同義表達(dá)有remedial lessons，after-school classes，after-school tutoring classes，supplemental classes，supplementary tutoring classes，extracurricular classes。
比如路透社上這兩句：More than 75% of K-12 students - roughly aged from 6 to 18 - in China attended after-school tutoring classes in 2016, according to the most recent figures from the Chinese Society of Education. 根據(jù)中國教育學(xué)會的最新數(shù)據(jù)，2016年中國超過75%的K-12學(xué)生（年齡大約在6歲至18歲）參加了課外輔導(dǎo)班。
Competition is so fierce it has given rise to a popular term in parenting circles. Jiwa, or "chicken baby", refers to anxious parents pumping energy boosting "chicken blood" into their children by loading them up with extracurricular classes. 競爭如此激烈，以至于在育兒圈里產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)流行詞。Jiwa或稱"雞娃"，指的是焦慮的父母通過讓孩子上各種課外輔導(dǎo)班，給他們注入增強(qiáng)能量的"雞血"。
還比如紐約時(shí)報(bào)上這句：Local parents poured even more into supplementary tutoring classes, music lessons, sports leagues and more. 這里的父母在補(bǔ)習(xí)班、音樂課、體育聯(lián)賽和課外活動(dòng)上花了很多錢。
Cram很常見，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精讀：高考延期！趁著年輕，好好追夢 | 外刊雙語》這篇中有講：cram for是固定表達(dá)，意思是"應(yīng)付考試；準(zhǔn)備考試；臨時(shí)抱佛腳；死記硬背"，如：She was cramming for her Economics exam. 她正在為應(yīng)付經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)考試臨陣磨槍。
cram for也可以表示"匆忙準(zhǔn)備"，如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人例句：She had a few days to cram for a hazing most candidates spend years preparing for. 對于大多數(shù)候選人需要準(zhǔn)備數(shù)年的這一問題，她卻只能在短短時(shí)間內(nèi)匆忙準(zhǔn)備。
還比如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人上的這一句：Teenagers have been cramming for years for these tests, which they believe (with justification) will determine their entire future. 學(xué)生為高考苦讀多年，他們堅(jiān)信高考會決定自己的一生。
3. 同義表達(dá)：discourage意為"阻止，使氣餒，打消……念頭，不允許"。在外刊或新聞報(bào)道中經(jīng)常使用。常用Discourage sb from doing sth，同義表達(dá)是deter sb from doing sth，dissuade sb from doing sth，比如"打消了夫妻生孩子的想法"就可以有以下幾種說法，如《"三孩政策"來了，網(wǎng)友卻說"民不聊生"！| 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精讀》這句：
The high cost of housing and education, as well as the crushingly long work hours common in many companies, deter young couples from having any more than one child, or reproducing at all. 住房和教育成本高昂，許多公司普遍存在超長的工作時(shí)間，這些打消了年輕夫妻生一個(gè)以上孩子或者生孩子的想法。
還比如《人口普查：為什么越來越多的人不愿意生孩子？| 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精讀》中這句：Instead, soaring housing and educational costs are dissuading couples from having more children, while many young people are choosing not to get married in the first place. 然而，由于房價(jià)和教育成本飆升，一些夫妻不得不放棄生更多孩子的想法，而許多年輕人一開始就選擇不結(jié)婚。
今天我看路透社的時(shí)候還看到這個(gè)，The cost of raising a child in urban China, with education accounting for a big chunk of that, has deterred many would-be parents. 可見，deter many would-be parents也可以表達(dá)"打消夫妻生孩子的想法"這個(gè)意思。
第四句：Now officials are trying to rein in the industry, in part, it appears, to relieve the pressure on people’s wallets.
現(xiàn)在官員們正試圖管控這個(gè)行業(yè)，似乎部分是為了減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力。
1. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：it appears算插入語。這句主干是Now officials are trying to rein in the industry in part to relieve the pressure on people’s wallets. 其中to relieve the pressure on people’s wallets是目的。
2. in part：相當(dāng)于partly。
3. 語法解析：關(guān)于插入語在這里分享其中兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人例句：Meteorologists scrambled to explain what was going on. But the most likely explanation, most accept, is that fires burning far away in the rainforest are to blame. 氣象學(xué)家紛紛試圖對此作出解釋，但是大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，最可信的解釋是，來自遙遠(yuǎn)亞馬孫雨林的熊熊大火才是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住raduates, it seems, are too snooty to take them. 而畢業(yè)生似乎心高氣傲，看不上這些工作。
4. 固定表達(dá)：rein in意為控制；放慢；止住。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人中一句案例：Bestselling books predicted dystopian outcomes in which society split into a wealthy, robot-owning plutocracy and an unemployed underclass, and repressive governments would be needed to rein in social discontent. 暢銷書預(yù)言了廢托邦的結(jié)局——社會分裂為擁有機(jī)器人的富豪統(tǒng)治者和失業(yè)的下層社會，需要政府鎮(zhèn)壓來控制住社會不滿。但機(jī)器人并沒有搶走所有的工作。
5. Relieve的同義詞是ease，lighten，其中parents’ wallets很形象，還比如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人中這句：One aim is to ease the pressure on parents’ wallets. 一個(gè)目的是減輕父母的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力。
第五句：As the People’s Daily, an official newspaper, reported this month, the market for such services is plagued by "endless chaos".
正如《人民日報(bào)》本月報(bào)道的那樣，校外培訓(xùn)市場亂象頻發(fā)。
1. market for：注意介詞是for，常見的還有center for，表示用于……流通等活動(dòng)的地方。介詞for或of這種情況下一般翻譯為"的"或者省譯，所有直接說"校外培訓(xùn)市場"。
2. 固定表達(dá)：be plagued by表示被……所困擾\折磨，比如CATTI一筆真題中說喬治六世口吃的這句...the debilitating stutter that had plagued the king since childhood，這里順便推薦電影《國王的演講》。
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人中運(yùn)用該表達(dá)的例句如下：Floods have always plagued Jakarta, but in recent years they have become more severe. 雅加達(dá)向來備受洪水困擾，但近些年情況愈加嚴(yán)峻。
本文沒有直接翻譯為"校外培訓(xùn)市場因無休止的混亂而困擾"，這樣譯文就會很生硬，一般我們常說"校外培訓(xùn)市場亂象頻發(fā)"。
第六句：It listed problems ranging from misleading advertising to high prices and the use of unqualified teachers.
該官媒列舉了從虛假宣傳、課程價(jià)格高昂到聘用不合格教師等一系列問題。
1. It：指the People’s Daily, an official newspaper.
2. ranging from：在作problems的后置定語，表示從……到……。比如《為什么蛋殼公寓爆雷是必然的？| 外刊雙語精讀》這句：At Danke’s headquarters in Beijing, protesters said they were chasing late payments ranging from Rmb200m ($31m) renovation fees to Rmb5,000 cleaning bills. 在蛋殼的北京總部，抗議者們表示他們正在追討逾期欠款，從2億元人民幣的裝修費(fèi)到5000元人民幣的清潔費(fèi)不等。
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