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　　2021年5月11日期經(jīng)濟學(xué)人上有一篇文章，叫Older and wiser，講中國人口普查的。今天跟大家分享其中一段，一起來積累表達吧！

　　原文：More worrying, though, is the plunge in fertility. Births last year fell to 12m, down by nearly 20% from 2019. When China ended its one-child policy in 2015, the government thought it might usher in a baby boom. Instead, soaring housing and education costs are dissuading couples from having more children, while many young people are choosing not to get married in the first place. China’s fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman is about the same as Japan’s, and well below the 2.1 needed to keep population stable.

　　參考譯文：然而，更令人擔(dān)憂的是生育率驟降。去年，中國新出生人口跌至1200萬，比2019年下降近20%。2015年，中國結(jié)束了獨生子女政策，那時政府認為可能會迎來嬰兒潮。然而，由于房價和教育成本飆升，一些夫妻不得不放棄生更多孩子的想法，而許多年輕人一開始就選擇不結(jié)婚。中國總生育率為1.3（每個女性平均生育1.3個孩子），與日本大致相同，遠低于保持人口穩(wěn)定所需的2.1。

　　第一句：More worrying, though, is the plunge in fertility.

　　然而，更令人擔(dān)憂的是生育率驟降。

　　1. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這句話是完全倒裝句，正常的語序應(yīng)該是The plunge in fertility, though, is more worrying，表語more worrying提前的目的是為了強調(diào)。倒裝句在這篇《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀 | 洪水肆虐，防汛形勢嚴峻！》里面詳細講過。

　　2. , though, 放在主語或狀語后面，表轉(zhuǎn)折，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人例句：On other occasions, though, autism manifests as part of a range of cognitive problems. 然而，另一些場合，自閉癥表現(xiàn)為一系列認知問題的一部分。Britain, though, was a technological laggard. 但英國在技術(shù)方面行動遲緩。

　　3. worrying作為形容詞表示"令人擔(dān)憂的"，同義詞有troubling和alarming。

　　如果要說某事引發(fā)了令人擔(dān)憂的問題，就可以用raise worrying questions這個表達，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人在報道印度核電站遭到網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊時這樣說：A cyber-attack on an Indian nuclear plant raises worrying questions. 對印度核電站的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊引發(fā)了令人擔(dān)憂的問題。

　　我們之前還講過一個句型，用到了raise serious questions，即... aside, ... raises serious question"撇開……不談，……引發(fā)了嚴重的問題/關(guān)于……的嚴肅討論"，比如我們在描述刷臉支付的弊端時可以這樣表達：

　　Convenience aside, facial payment technology raises serious questions about data security and consumer privacy. 撇開便利不談，刷臉支付技術(shù)引發(fā)了有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)安全和消費者隱私的嚴肅討論。

　　再比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人評價抖音時也用到了這個句型：Fun aside, TikTok raises serious questions—about data geopolitics, the power of internet incumbents and who sees what online. 撇開趣味性不談，抖音引發(fā)了嚴肅討論，包括數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域的地緣政治、老牌互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)的實力，以及視頻該呈現(xiàn)怎樣的內(nèi)容。

　　4. 一詞多義：plunge 美 [pl?nd?] 有多個用法，這里簡單總結(jié)一下：

　　A. 作為及物動詞可以表示"使突然下落/墜入/陷入"，如這句：Driving away from a party, he swerved off the road and down a bumpy track before plunging his Oldsmobile into a pond. 在開車離開一個派對后，他突然轉(zhuǎn)向沖出了公路，車子經(jīng)過一段崎嶇不平的小路后沖進了一個水塘里。

　　還有CATTI沖刺班也遇到過這個單詞，描述的是鴉片戰(zhàn)爭對中國的影響：But with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后，中國陷入內(nèi)憂外患的黑暗境地。

　　B. 作為不及物動詞可以用來描述價格或是數(shù)額的突然下跌，如The banks profits plunged by 87 per cent. 銀行的利潤驟降了87%。

　　同義詞有collapse，plummet和tumble，所以比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人的這句話：When world output, at purchasing-power parity, fell by 0.1% in 2009, trade volumes collapsed by a whopping 13%. 2009年全球產(chǎn)出按購買力平價計算下降0.1%，貿(mào)易額暴跌13%。

　　就可以經(jīng)過同義詞替換變成：When global output, measured at purchasing-power parity, dropped by 0.1% in 2009, trade volumes plummeted/plunged/tumbled by 13%.

　　plunge into sth表示"陷入某事之中（不快的事）"，如The country plunged deeper into recession. 那個國家進一步陷入經(jīng)濟蕭條之中。

　　C. plunge還可以用作名詞，英語解釋是a steep and rapid fall，所以就相當(dāng)于crash。"股市暴跌"可以說a stock market crash/slump/plunge/collapse，"利潤銳減"則可以表達為a dramatic plunge in profits。

　　再跟大家分享一個表達：take the plunge表示"冒險嘗試；孤注一擲；放手一搏"，比如CNN在報道中提到千禧一代想要擁有自己的房子，是這樣表達的：Thirty percent still living with their parents, but most millennials say they want to buy and some are starting to take the plunge.

　　表示名詞的時候，也可以表示跳入，如柯林斯詞典例句：He braced himself for the icy plunge into the black water. 他準備跳入冰冷的黑水。

　　今天這句話中的plunge是名詞詞性，后接介詞in，表示在某方面驟減。

　　5. fertility 美 [f?rt?l?ti] 作為名詞表示"生育能力"，常接rate表示"生育率"，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人描述歐洲國家生育率過低的這句：

　　The low fertility rate in many of that continents more developed countries means their populations are ageing and shrinking. 歐洲大陸的許多發(fā)達國家出現(xiàn)了過低的生育率，這意味著這些國家的人口正在面臨老齡化，而且在不斷減少。

　　有時不加rate也可以直接用fertility表示"生育率"，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人提到新加坡長期招用外國人以填補勞動力缺口時這樣說：

　　Faced with an ageing population and low fertility, Singapore’s government has long courted foreigners to plug gaps in the workforce. 由于面臨人口老齡化和較低的出生率，新加坡政府常期招用外國人來填補本國勞動力缺口。

　　fertility的形容詞是fertile，既可以表示"肥沃的；富饒的"，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人描述黃河的這句：Its fertile basin was the cradle of Chinese civilization. 它肥沃的盆地是中華文明的搖籃。

　　fertile還可以表示"能生育的；可繁殖的"，如紐約時報在描述女性生育風(fēng)險時這樣說：Throughout history, childbirth, often in poor hygienic conditions, is just one reason why women were at particular risk during their fertile years. 縱觀歷史，由于生產(chǎn)時衛(wèi)生條件差，產(chǎn)婦面臨著特殊風(fēng)險。

　　第二句：Births last year fell to 12m, down by nearly 20% from 2019.

　　去年，中國新出生人口跌至1200萬，比2019年下降近20%。

　　1. births復(fù)數(shù)形式指"出生人口"，如柯林斯詞典例句：There were 160 more births than deaths in the town last year. 該鎮(zhèn)去年出生的人數(shù)比死亡人數(shù)多160人。

　　2. fall to的同義表達有drop to/decline to/decrease to。

　　3. 補充說明成分：down by表示"下降/下跌了……"，可以用作be down by，相當(dāng)于fall by，其中by也可以省去。

　　經(jīng)濟學(xué)人報道全球航空業(yè)運力下降的這句：The global capacity of aircraft currently available to fly is down by 73%, year-over-year, according to OAG, a data firm. 航空數(shù)據(jù)公司OAG發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，當(dāng)前全球航空業(yè)運力同比削減73%。

　　路透社報道"2月澳門游客數(shù)量同比下降96%"：Visitors to Macau dropped 96 percent in February on the year.

　　今天這里down by nearly 20% from 2019是對12m進行補充說明，算狀語。這種補充說明成分很常見，可以引出數(shù)字對比、增長比例等等，如外刊精讀翻譯班中這句：

　　More than 360m books were sold in 2016, a 2% jump, according to findings by the industry research group Nielsen in its annual books and consumer survey. 尼爾森發(fā)布的年度圖書和消費者調(diào)查報告顯示，2016年英國圖書銷量超過3.6億冊，同比增長2%。

　　還比如金融時報例句：More than 1, 800 cybersquatting complaints were filed with Wipo in 2006, a jump of a quarter compared with 2005. 2006年，世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織接到了逾1800宗域名搶注仲裁申請，比2005年增加了四分之一。

　　反義詞是up by x% from x year/day，表示比某年/日增加多少，如金融時報在說之前英國疫情情況的時候就用到了這個：

　　7,097 patients had died in hospital after testing positive for coronavirus in the UK as of 5pm on Tuesday, up by 938 from the day before — the biggest daily increase so far. 截至周二下午5時，英國累計7097名患者在新冠病毒檢測呈陽性后在醫(yī)院死亡，比前一天增加938人，這是迄今為止最多的單日增長。

　　第三句：When China ended its one-child policy in 2015, the government thought it might usher in a baby boom.

　　2015年，中國結(jié)束了獨生子女政策，那時政府認為可能會迎來嬰兒潮。

　　1. 同義表達：end也可以說overturn，abandon，abolish，scrap，如CNN上這句：In October 2015, China decided to overturn its decades-old one-child policy and allow couples across the country to have two children.

　　還比如衛(wèi)報這句：China has scrapped its one-child policy, allowing all couples to have two children for the first time.

　　2. 固定表達：usher in表示"領(lǐng)進，引進；開創(chuàng)；帶來"，可以是物作主語，比如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人評價人工智能時用到了這個表達：

　　I believe artificial intelligence (AI) could usher in a new renaissance of discovery, acting as a multiplier for human ingenuity, opening up entirely new areas of inquiry and spurring humanity to realize its full potential.

　　我相信人工智能會迎來新的發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)興期，成為人類創(chuàng)造力的倍增器，開辟全新的研究領(lǐng)域，激發(fā)人類充分發(fā)揮其潛能。

　　也可以是人作主語，如政府報告中就用過這個表達：中方愿與蘇方攜手共進，走向合作共贏的新征程，奏響復(fù)興夢想的新篇章。China is ready to join hands with Sudan to embark on a new journey of win-win cooperation and usher in a new chapter of the dream of rejuvenation.

　　第四句：Instead, soaring housing and educational costs are dissuading couples from having more children, while many young people are choosing not to get married in the first place.

　　然而，由于房價和教育成本飆升，一些夫妻不得不放棄生更多孩子的想法，而許多年輕人一開始就選擇不結(jié)婚。

　　1. soaring housing and education costs：其中soaring是修飾housing and education costs整體的，housing和education并列，修飾costs。

　　2. soaring 作為形容詞表示"猛增的；飆升的"，經(jīng)濟學(xué)人中是這樣使用的：He grumbles about the rising cost of food, especially the soaring price of pork. 他抱怨食品開銷越來越高，特別是豬肉價格飛漲。

　　In emerging economies, where there is plenty of sunshine and soaring demand for electricity, the prospects are brighter. 一些新興經(jīng)濟體陽光充足，而且對電的需求猛增，太陽能前景會更光明。

　　Soaring還可以形容人的性格或者抱負，比如在《紐約時報雙語："流浪作家"三毛，撒哈拉、愛情和死亡》這篇文章中評價三毛性格的這句：

　　At the same time, Teo wrote, her soaring self-confidence is frequently undercut by descriptions of her isolation, melancholy and "world weariness." 然而，張溫寧又說，她對自己的孤獨、憂郁和"厭世"的描繪，常常會折損她那飛揚的自信形象。

　　2. dissuade美 [d?swe?d] 作為動詞表示"勸阻"，反義詞是persuade/convince。是Dissuade sb from doing sth，persuade/convince sb to do sth，為了病人的身體健康，醫(yī)生常常會勸病人改掉吸煙等不良的生活習(xí)慣，那么就可以用Doctors had tried to dissuade patients from smoking.來表達。

　　還有《傲慢與偏見》中達西的姨媽質(zhì)問伊麗莎白的這句也用到了dissuade：You are to understand, Miss Bennet, that I came here with the determined resolution of carrying my purpose; nor will I be dissuaded from it. 你應(yīng)該明白，班納特小姐，我既然上這兒來了，就非達到目的不可；誰也阻不住我。

　　It is not easy to persuade him to believe the truth. 說服他相信事實并不容易。

　　Convince sb of sth可以表示使某人相信，如"我很快讓他相信我是清白的"就可以說I soon convinced him of my innocence。

　　3. 英語寫作句型：Instead, soaring housing and educational costs are dissuading couples from having more children這句在紐約時報上有個平行文本：

　　For Chinese couples, many cannot afford to have children as living costs increase and their jobs demand more time and energy. 對中國夫婦來說，生活成本增加，而且需要把更多的時間和精力放在工作上，很多人承擔(dān)不起生孩子的負擔(dān)。

　　第五句：China’s fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman is about the same as Japan’s, and well below the 2.1 needed to keep population stable.

　　中國總生育率為1.3（每個女性平均生育1.3個孩子），與日本大致相同，遠低于保持人口穩(wěn)定所需的2.1。

　　1. 專業(yè)表達：fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman直譯是"生育率為每名婦女生1.3個孩子"，但是這樣表述不專業(yè)。我們來看一個相關(guān)背景知識：總和生育率（英文中稱：total fertility rate，簡稱TFR），也稱總生育率，是指該國家或地區(qū)的婦女在育齡期間，每個婦女平均的生育子女?dāng)?shù)。

　　2. Japan’s：為了避免重復(fù)，Japan’s后面省去了fertility rate。

　　3. 固定表達：needed to keep population stable是the 2.1的后置定語。其中keep … stable表示"保持……穩(wěn)定"，還可以直接用一個動詞sustain，如紐約時報上這句：Though their fertility rates are below the 2.1 needed to sustain a population, high immigration means their populations have still grown. 盡管這些國家的生育率低于維持人口規(guī)模所需的2.1，但大量移民涌入使它們的人口仍在增長。

　　needed to keep population stable也可以說required to keep populations stable，如經(jīng)濟學(xué)人報道各國生育數(shù)目減少的這句：In more and more countries, women started having fewer children than the number required to keep populations stable. 在越來越多的國家里，生育率下降，已無法保持人口穩(wěn)定。

　　4. 英語寫作句型：生育率下降，無法保持人口穩(wěn)定。除此之外，生育率下降，老齡化嚴重，在《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人精讀：老齡化會拖慢經(jīng)濟增長？| 外刊雙語》中有詳細說明老齡化的不利影響：

　　Ageing slows growth in several ways. One is that there are fewer new workers to boost output. Workforces in some 40 countries are already shrinking because of demographic change. As the number of elderly people increases, governments may neglect growth-boosting public investment in education and infrastructure in favour of spending on pensions and health care.

　　老齡化從幾個方面拖慢經(jīng)濟增長。一是提振產(chǎn)出所需的新增勞動年齡人口減少。由于人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，全球約40個國家的勞動力人口已經(jīng)開始減少。此外，隨著老年人口增加，政府可能會忽視有助于推動經(jīng)濟增長的教育及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施方面的公共投資，轉(zhuǎn)而加大養(yǎng)老金和醫(yī)療保健方面的支出。

　　老齡化問題會導(dǎo)致勞動力短缺，除了說there are fewer new workers to boost output. Workforces in some 40 countries are already shrinking because of demographic change，還可以借用經(jīng)濟學(xué)人這句：An aging population is closely related to labour shortages. 人口老齡化與勞動力短缺密切相關(guān)。

　　家庭壓力加大，個人壓力加大，如紐約時報上這句：the country’s underdeveloped social safety net means that most older adults rely heavily on their families to pay for health care, retirement and other expenses. 中國不夠完善的社會保障體系意味著，大多數(shù)老年人主要依賴家庭來支付醫(yī)療、退休后的生活費用及其他開支。

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