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　　一提到家庭教育題材的電視劇，大家可能首先就會想到《小別離》和《小歡喜》。這兩部劇分別聚焦初升高和高考，引起了很多家庭的共鳴。最近，"小"系列的第三部《小舍得》火熱播出，又引發(fā)了一波熱議。

　　今天和大家分享一些關于補習班、升學壓力、虎媽、教育改革相關的表達。后面經濟學人原文基本是完整版，只刪減了很少一部分內容。這種完整版篇章比較長，就大概講解一些表達。希望大家喜歡！

　　劇情介紹

　　Shanghai Daily原文：Family drama "A Love for Dilemma", the final part of a trilogy focusing on China’s education system and parent-child relationship, started airing on Dragon TV and iQiyi on April 11, and has aroused heated discussion on the Internet.

　　參考譯文：家庭劇《小舍得》是以中國教育體系和親子關系為題材的三部曲中的最后一部，4月11日在東方衛(wèi)視和愛奇藝首播，在網上引發(fā)了熱烈討論。

　　1. 句子結構分析：這句話的主干是"A Love for Dilemma" started airing on Dragon TV and iQiyi on April 11, and has aroused heated discussion on the Internet.其中airing是動詞air的現在分詞形式，也就是start doing sth的用法。air表示"上映；播放"；started airing on Dragon TV and iQiyi on April 11和has aroused heated discussion on the Internet是遞進式。

　　focusing on …是現在分詞形式作trilogy的后置定語。

　　2. trilogy 美 [tr?l?d?i] n.（書籍、電影等的）三部曲；三部劇

　　3. 某事引發(fā)熱烈討論/激烈爭論還可以說sth. sparks/ignites/triggers a heated debate.

　　Shanghai Daily原文：Song plays Nan Li, a mother who is totally in favor of happy education. However, she is so shocked at the sharp decline of her daughter’s academic performance that she has to resort to remedial lessons.

　　參考譯文：宋佳飾演的南儷是一位完全支持快樂教育的母親。然而，女兒學習成績急劇下滑，她感到非常震驚，不得不讓女兒上補習班。

　　1. 句子結構分析：第二句是so...that句型，即so shocked at...that，表示怎樣，以至于怎樣。

　　2. 固定表達：resort to表示"依靠；訴諸于；求助于；采取……方式/措施"，比如BBC在描述巴西圣保羅遭遇長期干旱時是這樣用的：

　　The head of the water authority in Brazils largest city Sao Paulo says if a prolonged drought continues the city may have to resort to adjusted water rationing plan.

　　巴西最大城市圣保羅供水當局負責人稱，如果曠日持久的干旱繼續(xù)下去，該市可能必須調整水定量供給計劃了。

　　還有外交部發(fā)言中也用到了這個表達：It is untenable and detrimental to both sides to accuse and pressure one another on this issue or even resort to trade protectionism.在這個問題上一味指責施壓，甚至動輒采取貿易保護主義措施是毫無道理的，結果只能損人害己。

　　2. remedial 美 [r?midi?l] adj.旨在解決問題的；補救的；糾正的；輔導的。remedial lessons指的就是"補課，補習班"，比如經濟學人的這句：In any given year, a third of pupils get one-on-one remedial lessons. 每年都有三分之一的學生得到了一對一的補課機會。

　　remedial lessons和下一段用到的after-school classes可以互相替換，還可以說supplemental classes，supplementary tutoring classes，如紐約時報上這兩句：Demand for supplemental classes is higher for Asian immigrant families that are not as wealthy.對并不富裕的亞裔移民家庭來說，補課的需求更高。

　　Local parents poured even more into supplementary tutoring classes, music lessons, sports leagues and more. 這里的父母在補習班、音樂課、體育聯賽和課外活動上花了很多錢。

　　Shanghai Daily原文：Jiang plays the "tiger mother" Tian Yulan who believes in elite education and the jungle rules. She has arranged all kinds of after-school classes for her son. But while her son is growing and establishing his independence, she soon finds that she needs to mend a broken relationship with her son before it causes any destruction.

　　參考譯文：蔣欣飾演"虎媽"田雨嵐，信奉精英教育和叢林法則。她為兒子安排了各種各樣的課外補習班。但隨著兒子慢慢長大，開始獨立，她很快發(fā)現，破裂的母子關系如果再不修復就會造成很嚴重的后果。

　　1. 句子結構分析：第一句的who believes in elite education and the jungle rules是Tian Yulan的定語從句。

　　第三句的while引導時間狀語從句；that she needs to mend a broken relationship with her son before it causes any destruction是finds的賓語從句；it指代a broken relationship with her son。

　　2. mend 美 [mend] 作為動詞表示"修補；修理；愈合；縫補"，可以引申為"與某人改善關系、修復關系"的意思，在國際關系中經常用mend fences with，比如經濟學人在報道德國總理默克爾的觀點時有這樣一句：

　　Germanys Angela Merkel made clear two years ago that, if Russia wanted better relations with the EU, it had to mend fences with Poland.

　　德國總理安哥拉·默克爾兩年前就清楚的說過，如果俄羅斯想與歐盟有進一步的合作，那就必須改善同波蘭之間的關系。

　　mend作為名詞可以表示"修理；改進；痊愈"，如果我們要表達某人病情好轉或某事物的情況有所好轉，就可以說sb/sth be on the mend，比如經濟學人的這句：

　　Job growth is strong, manufacturing is on the mend and, by some measures at least, even the housing market is showing signs of life.

　　就業(yè)增長勢頭強勁，制造業(yè)正在復蘇，而且根據一些指數，連住宅市場都有一絲生氣的跡象。

　　學習壓力與后果

　　經濟學人原文：LIN MING, a ten-year-old who has two years left at his primary school in Beijing, does not remember the last time he returned home before 6pm on a weekday during term. As soon as school is out, his mother, Yang Mei, shuttles him around the city, dropping him off at tutoring agencies where he studies advanced maths and English grammar. Ms Yang accepts that she is "maybe putting a bit too much stress" on her son. But she has no choice. "Around 90% of my son’s classmates attend after-school lessons. It’s a competition I can’t lose."

　　參考譯文：10歲的林明（音譯）在北京上學，還有兩年就小學畢業(yè)了。他已經不記得自己最后一次放學后下午6點之前回家是什么時候了。一放學，他的母親楊梅（音譯）就載著他在城市里穿梭，把他送到輔導機構學習高等數學和英語語法。楊女士承認，她"給兒子的壓力可能有點大"，但她別無選擇。"我兒子的同學大約有90%都參加了課后輔導班。這場比賽我不能輸。"

　　1. 段落分析：這段引出補習班盛行這一現象。

　　2. 句子結構分析：第一句的主干是LIN MING does not remember the last time。

　　第二句的as soon as引導時間狀語從句，表示"一……就……"；dropping是現在分詞作狀語；where引導定語從句，先行詞是tutoring agencies。

　　第三句的that she is "maybe putting a bit too much stress" on her son是accepts的賓語從句。

　　2. "數字+years left"表示還剩幾年，比如提到老年人市場時，經濟學人是這樣說的：

　　Decades ago it was rarely profitable to market products to seniors, since by the time anyone had reached the age of 70 they probably had only a few years left to live.

　　數十年前老年人市場幾乎無利可圖，因為當時70歲以后的老年人歲月有限。

　　今天這句話字面意思是"10歲的林明在北京的小學還剩下兩年時間"，這么翻譯的話不太通順，具體看參考譯文。

　　3. 一詞多義：shuttle 美 [??t(?)l] 作為動詞表示"頻繁往來（于甲地和乙地之間）；（在較近的兩地之間定時）往返運送"。shuttle sb就表示往返接送某人，比如經濟學人在描述聯盟號宇宙飛船時是這樣說的：

　　Space Adventures plans to re-engineer the veteran Soyuz craft that it has used to shuttle seven space tourists up to the International Space Station (ISS).

　　空間探險公司計劃重新設計自身的聯盟號宇宙飛船，該飛船曾經把7位旅客送進國際航空站。

　　今天這句話的shuttle指的是母親開車接送兒子往返補習班。

　　shuttle作為名詞可以表示"來往于兩地之間的航班（或班車、火車）"，根據具體語境翻譯為"航天飛機"或"往返巴士"等，比如經濟學人的這句：

　　Nor, if shuttle launches had become routine, would they attract much attention from the general public.

　　如果航天飛機的發(fā)射變成例行公事，它們也就不會吸引公眾的強烈關注了。

　　還有四級真題中的這句：

　　The next shuttle leaves in 15 minutes.下一趟往返巴士將在15分鐘后離開。

　　4. 固定表達："drop sb off at+地點"表示"把某人送到某處"，比如《生活大爆炸》的這句臺詞：Okay, where is he? Sheldon? I just dropped him off at the comic book store. Why?他在哪兒？謝爾頓？我剛把他送到漫畫書店了，干嘛？

　　經濟學人原文：One concern is that pupils get too much homework. The ministry reckons that nearly one in ten pupils in the penultimate year of primary school spend more than two hours on Chinese-language homework alone, every school day.

　　參考譯文：首先，擔心小學生的家庭作業(yè)太多。教育部估計，近十分之一的小學四年級學生每天放學后僅花在語文作業(yè)上的時間就超過兩個小時。

　　1. 段落分析：這段引出一個問題，那就是作業(yè)太多。

　　2. 句子結構分析：第一句的that引導表語從句。第二句的主語是the ministry，謂語是reckons，that nearly one in ten pupils in the penultimate year of primary school spend more than two hours on Chinese-language homework alone, every school day是reckons的賓語從句。

　　2. 一詞多義：reckon 美 [rek?n] 作為動詞含義很多。這句里的reckon是"估計"的意思。

　　A. reckon可以表示"認為"，比如在提到咖啡因的毒性時，經濟學人是這樣描述的：

　　Some researchers reckon nicotine to be no more dangerous than caffeine, which coffee plants similarly employ as an insecticide.

　　有些研究人員就認為尼古丁的毒性還不如咖啡因，人們也經常將咖啡植株用作殺蟲劑。

　　還有我們在《經濟學人精讀：日本養(yǎng)老，居家照護還是去養(yǎng)老院？ | 考研英語外刊雙語》文章中講過的這句：

　　It reckons caring for people at home is one of its best options.

　　政府認為居家照護是最好的選擇之一。

　　B. reckon還可以表示"料想，估計"，常用句式是sb reckons that …，比如經濟學人描述分析家預估平板電腦價格下跌就用到了這個詞：

　　For tablets to become a mass-market product like DVD players, analysts reckon, the price must fall to $100 at most.

　　如果平板電腦要像DVD播放機那樣成為大眾產品的話，分析家估計它的價格必須下跌至不超過100美元。

　　C. reckon也可以表示"有望"，我們常說的"某事/物有望……"就是sth reckon to do，比如例句：

　　The merged banks reckon to raise 4 billion dollars of new equity next year.

　　幾家銀行合并后明年有望增發(fā)40億美元的新股。

　　4. in the penultimate year of primary school： penultimate是pen+ultimate美 [pen??lt?m?t] 表示倒數第二，也就是再有兩年就畢業(yè)了，和who has two years left at one’s primary school可以同義替換。

　　經濟學人原文：Another related problem is that Chinese pupils are out of shape. Nearly a fifth of nine-year-old boys and 13-year-old girls are overweight orobese. Half of pupils surveyed there had myopia. That is partly because many schools, often under pressure from tiger parents, teach more sessions of core subjects like maths and Chinese than is required by the education ministry,bumping physical-education classes.

　　參考譯文：另一個問題是中國小學生健康狀況不佳。近五分之一的9歲男孩和13歲女孩超重或肥胖。接受調查的學生中有一半患有近視。這在一定程度上是因為迫于"虎爸虎媽"的壓力，許多學校數學和語文等核心課程的課時安排超過了教育部的要求，從而擠占了體育課的時間。

　　1. 段落分析：這段引出又一個問題：小學生健康狀況不佳。

　　2. 句子結構分析：第四句的partly because引導原因狀語從句，從句的主干部分是many schools teach more sessions of core subjects like maths and Chinese than is required by the education ministry。often under pressure from tiger parents是插入語，起補充說明的作用。bumping是現在分詞形式作狀語，表示結果。

　　3. 固定表達：out of shape表示"走樣；變形"，如果我們要說雨傘質量好，不會被大風吹變形，就可以用China Daily這句話：

　　It opens over the top of peoples heads and the ribs flex with the wind, stopping it from being bent out of shape in a gale.

　　雨傘在人的頭頂上撐開，傘骨柔韌性好，在大風天氣不會被吹變形。

　　這個表達也可以用來描述人，指健康狀況不佳，比如《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》例句：

　　I weighed 245 pounds and was out of shape. 我那時體重245磅，健康狀況不佳。

　　"身體狀況不好"還可以說in poor health，還可以用前面講過的in poor shape。如經濟學人上這句：

　　The government worries about how many youngsters are in poor shape. In 2017 officials in the southern city of Guangzhou found that only 2.6% of local children were in "excellent" health. Today one in five Chinese children is overweight, up from just one in 20 in 1995.

　　3. obese 美 [o?bis] 作為形容詞表示"臃腫的；虛胖的；病態(tài)肥胖的"，比如經濟學人在描述埃及和約旦人的肥胖比例時就用到了這個詞：About 30% of Egyptian adults and 35% of Jordanians are obese. 約有30%的埃及成年人和35%的約旦人過度肥胖。

　　obese的名詞形式是obesity，指"過度肥胖；肥胖癥"。世界衛(wèi)生組織對"肥胖癥"的評價是：

　　Obesity as a signal of unhealthy lifestyles cannot be masked, just as the high costs of care cannot be masked.

　　肥胖反映了不健康的生活方式，這是無法掩蓋的，醫(yī)護費用高昂也是無法遮掩的。

　　4. partly because …的意思是"部分原因是……"，比如經濟學人分析美國經濟增長速度更快的原因就用到了這個表達：

　　Americas economy grew more quickly partly because its population rose by almost 1% a year, thanks to immigration and a higher birth rate.

　　美國經濟增長速度更快，部分原因是因為移民以及較高出生率導致其人口年增長率幾乎為1%。

　　也可以說in part because，比如《引出原因，可別只會用There are three reasons for this. First,...Second,....》這篇文章中講過的句子：

　　Any changes to production will be decided in monthly meetings. That is in part because it is difficult to predict oil’s recovery. It is also because the new year may mark the beginning of a new strategy.

　　生產方面的變化都將在月度會議上決定，部分原因是石油的復蘇情況難以預測，還因為新年可能標志著新戰(zhàn)略的開始。

　　4. 一詞多義：bump 美 [b?mp] 作為動詞表示"撞擊，撞（bump into sth，bump against sth）；（尤指身體部位）碰上；（車）等顛簸行進（bump its way along the road/track/drive；bump along the drive）"。

　　比如我們常說的"小心別撞頭"就是Be careful you dont bump your head. 碰到某處加介詞on或against，如Be careful not to bump your head on the beam when you stand up. 當心站起來時頭別撞了橫梁。

　　Bump還可以表示把……調出，今天這句話的bumping physical-education classes字面意思是把體育課調出，其實意思就是核心課程時間多了，體育課的時間就被擠占了。我們再來看看經濟學人上的一個平行文本：Schools often cancel PE and art classes in favour of extra revision-sessions for other subjects. 學校經常取消體育課和美術課，為其他科目增加復習時間。

　　其中session就表示課時，課。

　　我們還可以用bump into sb表示"撞見某人"，如《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》例句：I happened to bump into Mervyn Johns in the hallway. 我碰巧在走廊里撞見了默文·約翰斯。

　　bump作為名詞表示"凸塊；隆起；碰撞（聲）；撞擊（聲）"，可以引申為"挫折"的意思，比如經濟學人評價谷歌和Facebook時就用到了這個詞：Google and Facebook bothweathered notable bumps following their stock-market debuts. 谷歌和Facebook上市后都經歷過大風大浪。

　　經濟學人原文：Yet the ministry’s harshest criticism is reserved for schools and tutoring agencies that overburden pupils by "teaching ahead"—imparting knowledge that is too advanced for a given age group. Zhang Ling, the head of Ben Jen kindergarten in Beijing, suspects that most nursery schools in the city use materials that are designed for the first or second years of primary school. That will no longer be allowed.

　　參考譯文：然而，教育部痛批的是那些通過"超前教學"——向特定年齡段的學生傳授更高年級學習的知識——給學生造成過重負擔的學校和輔導機構。北京本仁幼兒園（Ben Jen kindergarten）園長張玲（音譯）懷疑，北京大多數幼兒園使用的材料都是為小學一、二年級設計的?，F在教育部不允許再這么做。

　　1. 段落分析：這段又引出一個問題："超前教學"。

　　2. 句子結構分析：第一句的主干是Yet the ministry’s harshest criticism is reserved for schools and tutoring agencies；that overburden pupils by "teaching ahead"是schools and tutoring agencies的定語從句；破折號引出的imparting knowledge that is too advanced for a given age group是對 "teaching ahead"的解釋說明；that is too advanced for a given age group是knowledge的定語從句。

　　第二句的主語是Zhang Ling，謂語是suspects，that most nursery schools in the city use materials that are designed for the first or second years of primary school是suspects的賓語從句。that are designed for the first or second years of primary school是materials的定語從句。

　　3. 固定表達：be reserved for表示"留給"，比如加納成為非洲杯的主辦國，經濟學人對此的評價是：

　　So Ghana, as hosts of this years African Cup, got the kind of global media coverage often reserved for African wars and calamities.

　　所以，作為本次非洲杯的主辦國，加納得到了全球媒體的關注，這些媒體以前只關注非洲的戰(zhàn)亂和災難。

　　還比如我們舉辦一些大型活動的時候常常會設置貴賓席，那么就可以說：These seats are reserved for special guests. 這些座位是留給貴賓的。

　　3. overburden 美 [.o?v?rb?rd(?)n] 作為動詞表示"使負擔過重"，比如經濟學人在描述印度的交通情況時這樣說：In Indias cities a traffic accident on one street will quicklyoverburden alternative routes. 在印度的城市里，一條街上發(fā)生的交通事故很快就會使其他道路不堪重負。

　　4. teach ahead的意思是"超前教學"，和impart knowledge that is too advanced for a given age group還有下文提到的offer "unsuitably" stretching courses是同義表達，或者也可以像經濟學人這句話一樣用too-advanced academic fare：She says she can now wave an official document at parents who insist that their children be exposed to too-advanced academic fare. 其中fare指東西，這里具體指課程。

　　對策

　　經濟學人原文：From now on, however, schools will be evaluated not only on how well pupils do in academic tests but also on their athletic ability, based on their performance in challenges such as 50-metre sprints and standing long-jumps.

　　參考譯文：然而，從現在起，評估學校時不僅要看學生在考試中的表現，還要看他們的運動能力，而學生的運動能力則要根據他們在50米短跑和立定跳遠等測試中的表現來判定。

　　原文：To ensure that tutoring outfits do not offer "unsuitably" stretching courses, the government instructed them in February to provide education authorities with details of syllabuses and lists of their pupils along with which year they are in at which school. They must also agree to spot inspections. The ministry is cracking down onrogue pedagogues who refuse to teach academic material in school, and insteadsteamroller pupils into attending evening classes at tutoring centres where the teachers moonlight.

　　參考譯文：為了確保輔導機構不會提供超前教學，政府于2月要求他們向教育當局提供詳細的教學大綱和學生名單，名單上還要說明學生在哪個學校哪個年級。輔導機構還必須同意接受現場檢查。教育部正在打擊那些課上不好好教而強迫學生到自己代課的輔導中心補習的流氓教師。

　　1. 句子結構分析：第一句的to表目的，that tutoring outfits do not offer "unsuitably" stretching courses是ensure的賓語從句；details of syllabuses和lists of their pupils along with which year they are in at which school是并列成分。

　　第三句的who引導rogue pedagogues的定語從句；where the teachers moonlight是tutoring centres的定語從句，where相當于in which。

　　2. tutoring outfits指輔導機構，和tutoring centres是同義表達。

　　3. rogue 美 [ro?ɡ] n. 流氓；無賴；騙子；惡棍

　　4. pedagogue 美 [ped?.ɡɑɡ] n. 教師；好為人師的人。rogue pedagogues的同義表達是后文中提到的over-eager teachers。Pedagogy是教育學。

　　5. 固定表達：steamroller 美 [stim.ro?l?r] 作為動詞的意思是"（憑借力量或權威）打??；以勢壓倒"，steamroller sb into sth就表示"強制某人做某事"，比如"迫使該國進行政治改革的企圖"就是an attempt to steamroller the country into political reforms。

　　6. 熟詞偏義：moonlight不僅可以作為名詞表示"月光"，還可以作為動詞表示"（暗中）兼職，從事第二職業(yè)"，比如moonlight as a DJ兼職做音樂節(jié)目主持人。

　　經濟學人原文：In the south-western province of Yunnan they have not onlyrevamped the physical-education test in the zhongkao, an examination for entrance to senior secondary school. They have also given it the same weighting in the exam as all-important subjects like maths and Chinese. Eight provinces have joined Yunnan in including art and music tests in the zhongkao.

　　參考譯文：目前，云南省已宣布中考體育改革，在中考中給予體育和語文、數學等主科一樣的考分權重。另外還有8個省份相繼推出中考招生改革，將音樂和美術測評結果納入中考成績。

　　1. revamp 美 [?ri?v?mp] 作為動詞表示"修補；翻新；修改"，比如《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》例句：He decided to revamp the companys provincial image. 他決定改變公司守舊的形象。

　　2. weighting作為名詞表示"加權值；權重；分值"，比如《牛津詞典》例句：Each question in the exam has equal weighting. 考試中每道題的分值相等。

　　效果如何

　　經濟學人原文：Mr Zhu laments the use of exam pressure to get people’s attention. Still, he hopes it is but a hop, skip and a jump to greater fitness.

　　參考譯文：朱先生感嘆，只能用考試壓力來引起人們對體育鍛煉的重視。盡管如此，他還是希望體育改革可以逐步提高學生的健康水平。

　　1. lament 美 [l?ment] 作為動詞表示"對……感到悲痛；痛惜；對……表示失望；悲嘆"，比如在提到城市建筑遺產時，經濟學人中有這樣一句：

　　The few locals who lament the destruction of the citys architectural heritage are not inclined towards activism.

　　少數居民為城市里建筑遺產的損失感到惋惜，但他們卻并沒有為此采取行動的想法。

　　2. 固定表達：a hop, skip and a jump指很短的距離。比如我們說"我家離你家很近"，就可以說Its just a hop, skip, and a jump from my house to yours.

　　a hop, skip, and a jump在這句話中引申為逐步達到目標的意思。

　　經濟學人原文：The clampdown on over-eager teachers and out-of-school instructors fails to tackle the root cause of pupils’ stress, notes Zeng Xiaodong of 21st Century Education Research Institute, a Beijing-based think-tank. As long as admission to senior-high schools is based on results from the grueling zhongkao exam, parents are likely to exploit every loophole to give their children an edge. Typically only the top 60% of zhongkao-takers secure a spot at an academic school. The rest are shunted to vocational ones.

　　參考譯文：北京智庫21世紀教育研究院副院長曾曉東指出，對流氓教師和校外教師的打擊并未能從根本上解決學生的壓力問題。只要高中錄取看的是中考成績，家長們就會利用一切漏洞讓自己的孩子獲得優(yōu)勢。中考競爭異常激烈，通常只有排名前60%的考生才能上高中，其余考生只能去上職業(yè)學校。

　　1. 句子結構分析：第一句的主干是The clampdown fails to tackle the root cause of pupils’ stress, notes Zeng Xiaodong；a Beijing-based think-tank是21st Century Education Research Institute的同位語。

　　2. clampdown 美 [kl?mp.da?n] 作為名詞表示"壓制；取締；嚴禁；打擊"，常與介詞on連用，同義詞是crackdown，比如《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》例句：A police clampdown on car thieves hit a snag when villains stole one of their cars. 匪徒偷走了警方一輛汽車后，警方打擊盜車賊的行動遇到了一點兒小挫折。

　　3. over-eager作為形容詞本意是"操之過急的；過于熱切的"，比如我們說一個人急于求成，那就是He was overeager for success。

　　結合今天這篇文章的上下文，可以知道這里的over-eager teachers指的就是前文提到的rogue pedagogues，而out-of-school instructors則指的是前文提到的tutoring outfits和tutoring centres。

　　4. grueling 美 [ɡru(?)l??] 作為形容詞表示"使人極度疲勞的，使人筋疲力盡的"。比如我們在《經濟學人精讀：996工作，還是"努力工作，盡情玩樂"？| 外刊雙語》這篇文章中講過的句子：He was left exhausted by his grueling work schedule which fueled his depression. 繁重的工作使他筋疲力盡，更加抑郁。

　　5. 一詞多義：exploit作為動詞有多個含義，這里給大家分類總結一下：

　　A. 表示"利用；運用；發(fā)揮"，比如某些地方政府在收取企業(yè)排污費的事情上"鉆空子"，今天這句中的exploit every loophole就是"利用一切漏洞"的意思。

　　B. 表示"開發(fā)；開采；開拓"，比如經濟學人在評價迪士尼時就用到了這個詞：But Disney has some of the most valuable properties and exploits them to their fullest potential. 但迪士尼擁有最有價值的資源，并能最大程度開發(fā)這些資源。

　　除此以外，還有我們常說的開發(fā)海洋資源exploit sea resources，開發(fā)新興市場exploit new markets等。

　　C. 表示"剝削；壓榨"，比如BBC的例句：Report accused court officials and the local police of exploiting people, mainly African Americans to raise revenue. 報告對法院工作人員以及當地警察進行了指責，稱他們?yōu)榱嗽黾邮杖攵鴦兿魅嗣瘢貏e是非裔美國人。

　　6. 固定表達：secure a spot指獲得名額，具體結合語境來翻譯。比如美聯社在報道巴西世界杯時提到美國隊，是這樣說的：

　　The Americans who are coached by a German need a draw or win to secure a spot in the next round in Brazil.

　　美國隊的教練是德國人，他們需要一場平局或是勝利才能保證進入巴西世界杯十六強。

　　7. vocational ones指的就是vocational schools。

　　8. shunt 美 [??nt] 作為動詞表示"使（火車或火車車廂）轉軌；調往，轉至（次要的地方）；把……推到一邊；閑置，擱置；使……分流"，比如經濟學人是這樣描述新媒體行業(yè)的：

　　Some people worry that new media companies may over time shunt old ones aside as producers of content.

　　有人擔心新媒體公司總有一天會繞過傳統(tǒng)媒體，轉而成為內容制造者。

　　高齋外刊精讀翻譯班有一個Typically only the top 60% of zhongkao-takers secure a spot at an academic school. The rest are shunted to vocational ones的平行文本：

　　It is known as the zhongkao, and sends students down one of two tracks. A vocational track involves three years studying a trade at a technical school. An academic track starts at senior high school and, for the most studious, ends with a four-year degree course at university.

　　這一考試稱為中考，考試成績將促使學生走上兩條不同的道路：一部分學生將會上職業(yè)學校，花三年時間學習一門技術；另一部分學生會進入高中學習，其中最勤奮的學生將考入大學，開始四年的大學課程。

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